Lifestyles and Health Summary

Topic	Study	Details	Evaluation	Application
What are health behaviours?	Kasl and Cobb (1966)
	Matarazzo (1984)	behavioural pathogens behavioural immunogens
Behaviour and mortality	Doll and Peto (1981)
Lifestyle and health	Bennett and Murphy, 1997).
	holy four	smoking, alcohol misuse, poor nutrition and lower levels of exercise
	Belloc and Breslow (1972)	1. seven health practises: sleeping seven to eight hours daily 2. eating breakfast almost every day 3. never or rarely eating between meals 4. currently being at or near prescribed height adjusted weight 5. never smoking cigarettes 6. moderate or no use of alcohol 7. regular physical activity.
	(Levy et al, 2002).	positive attitude towards life has been found to increase longevity
Evaluation	Belloc and Breslow	sample is not particularly representative correlation
	General	victim-blaming’ coercion
Genetic theories	Sher (1991)	children of alcoholics
Family genetics and history of dietary risk factors.	Fischer and Dyer (1981)	family history of obesity
	De Castro (1993)	significant heritabilities for identical and fraternal twins	Fabsitz, Garrison, Feinleib, and Hjortland (1978) environmental effects
Genetic theories	Sheilds (1962)	twins reared apart
	Peele 1984	alcoholism
Classical conditioning		comfort eating’
	Siegel, 1975).	compensatory conditioned response model
Operant conditioning		pleasurable effects occur rapidly after the addictive behaviour while unpleasant consequences occur after a delay
Social learning		vicarious reinforcement
	Bandura (1977)	self-efficacy	too mechanistic lack of freewill ignores the effect on behaviour of cognitive factors.
Social and environmental factors	Asch (1956)	Conformity peer pressure’	Conformity does not exert an equally strong influence in all situations carried out many years ago
Culture	Foreyt et al, 1991	Mexican American women
Television	Bowen et al, 1991	Television viewing is also highly correlated with obesity in children
Emotional factors		defence mechanisms
High-risk sexual behaviour	Hawkins et al. (1995)	safer sex behaviour
Exercise	Paffenburger et al (1986)	Harvard graduates dating back to 1916
	Dishman 1982	Those least likely to exercise
		five different types of exercise · Isometric · Isotonic · Isokinetic · Anaerobic · Aerobic
	Kuntzleman (1978)	· Organic fitness · Dynamic fitness
	Maurice et al. (1953)	London double decker bus drivers and their conductors	confounding factors
	Ruuskanen and Parkatti, 1994	lower depressive moods
		effect on the immune system
Dietary habits	Stamler et al. 1986),	The MRFIT study
	Shekelle et al, 1991	western electricity
		Cholesterol levels are also affected by stress
	Fraser et al, 1991	High fibre diets
	Stunkarda (1984)	categorised
		Physiological theories Metabolic rate theories Behavioural theories
		anorexia nervosa bulimia
	Garfinkel and Garner (1982).	adjust pictures
	Fallon and Rozin, 1985	Women tended to choose thinner body shapes
		Hypothalamus
	Taylor, 1995	Personality factors and family dynamics
	Rakoff, 1983	Parental psychopathology
	Pike and Rodin, 1991	Mothers of anorexic daughters
	De Castro (2001)	Genetics
	Eagle (2001)	winter influenza
	Birch (2000)	parents stopped them from eating foods
Bulimia
HEALTH AND POVERTY	Fitzpatrick and Dollamore, 1999	higher rates
	Dorling et al. (2000)	patterns of poverty from the late 19th century
	Dorling et al. (2001)	Labour vote
	Fraser et al. (2001)	Glaucoma
	Macleod et al. (2000).	breast cancer
THE TYPE A BEHAVIOUR PATTERN	Friedman and Rosenman (1959)
Research into type A behaviour	Friedman and Rosenman in 1974	longitudinal study
	Myrtek (2001),	weakly associated with coronary heart disease
RELIGIOSITY AND HEALTH	Lewis Terman	Terman Life-Cycle Study